Advances of rechargeable organic batteries with non-metallic charge carriers
Charge carriers are one of the critical components that determine the electrochemical performance of batteries.Currently,most studies on rechargeable batteries are carried out based on metallic charge carriers(such as Li+,Na+,K+,Zn2+,Mg2+,Al3+,etc.),while the battery research involving nonmetallic chargecarriers(such as H+,NH4+,halogen ions X,methyl viologencations MV2+,etc.)is rarely conducted.Owing to ultrafast redox kinetics,long cycle life,low manufacturing cost,and abundant resources,the electrochemical performance of nonmetallic carrier-based batteries and metallic charge carrier-based batteries are almost at the same level.However,the research of nonmetallic carrier-based is still fraught with challenges such as low energy density and power density.In this review,the recent research progress about the batteries based on nonmetallic carrier(i.e.,proton,ammonium ions and halogen ions)are summarized.Moreover,the strategies to enhance the performance of nonmetallic carriers-based batteries are also proposed.This work paves a new avenue for the development of cathode materials for high-performance batteries basedonnonmetallic charge carriers.
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