The anchoring operations of vessels in navigational channels may result in accidental impacts on submarine pipelines,causing local damage or even failure,thereby posing significant hazards to oil and gas production safety and the ecological environment.The use of a gravel layer for protection is the most common method for safeguarding submarine pipelines in navigational channel areas and similar marine environments.Firstly,based on large-scale anchor model tests,three stages of anchor penetration into the gravel layer under hall anchor dropping conditions were observed,along with the stress and strain states of the pipeline during penetration.By establishing a numerical model coupling Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(SPH)and Finite Element Method(FEM),specifically for hall anchors commonly used by vessels of different tonnages,the depth of penetration into the gravel layer and the stress and deformation characteristics of the buried pipeline were studied.Finally,the response patterns of buried pipelines under different anchor masses,gravel layer shapes,and thicknesses were analyzed.The results indicate that the use of a submerged gravel protection layer facilitates energy absorption during impacts,providing better protection for submarine pipelines.Moreover,a gravel protection layer with a thickness of over 3 meters effectively shields submarine pipelines against damage from various common hall anchors.
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