Chlamys farreri,the largest cultured scallop in China,has been at the center of discussions owing to the poten-tial utilization of its abundant discarded shell resources.Researchers have found that the shell powder obtained from this species is a natural biological adsorbent.Herein,we further optimized the adsorption performance of C.farreri shells through high-temperature calcination treatment.In addition,we analyzed the morphology and composition of the treated shells via scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.We explored the effects of various factors,such as the calcination temperature of the shell powder,duration and temperature of the reaction,and the initial concentration of congo red on the adsorption performance.The adsorption kinetic model and isothermal adsorption model are also discussed.The results showed that the shell powder calcined at 900℃demonstrated the best adsorption performance.The adsorption reaction occurred rapidly within the first 5 min and reached equilibrium after 150 min.A pseudo-second-order kinetic model best described the adsorption,with a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.9991.Moreover,the Freundlich model accurately represented the adsorption isotherms,suggesting that the process involved multiphase adsorption.We also found that lower temperatures were more conducive to the adsorption of congo red on the C.farreri shell powder.These findings hold significant implications for the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater.Further-more,they provide a theoretical foundation for the future development and utilization of the shell waste from C.farreri.
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