Research Progress in Single-Mode Electrically Injected Surface-Emitting Lasers
High-speed optical communication systems,such as the Internet,super-computing,and data center optical interconnections,and applications such as LiDAR and display,require higher performance for semiconductor lasers,such as the single mode,single polarization,high speed,and high power.This article presents a review of the research progress of surface-emitting semiconductor lasers,mainly consisting of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers(VCSELs)and photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers.This includes designing surface grating,relief grating,and high-refractive-index contrast grating VCSELs to achieve the single mode and single polarization simultaneously.A zinc diffusion zone is introduced,a transverse coupling cavity is established,and a multi-hole-aperture oxide-confined VCSEL is constructed to achieve single-mode high-speed characteristics.A surface grating-loaded VCSEL for slow light is constructed,a zinc diffusion zone is introduced,and multi-junction or multi-aperture VCSELs are designed to achieve a single mode and high power.Photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers are introduced to achieve a breakthrough performance of a single mode,high power,and minimal divergence angle.Finally,the development trends of surface-emitting lasers are discussed.
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