The Long-Term Impact of Early Childhood Exposure to Parental Out-Migration for Work on Adult Income
We attempt to examine the long-term impact of exposure to parental out-migration for work in early life on a person's adult income using data from the 2014(Life History Survey)and 2018 waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS).The results show that early exposure to parental out-migration significantly increases a person's adult income levels,with the influence of fathers being more pronounced than that of mothers.This positive effect can be attributed to both improvements in households'socio-economic statuses and the increased accumulation of children's human capital.Specif-ically,exposure to parental out-migration during ages 6-12 has the most significant positive impact.How-ever,exposure to maternal out-migration under age six inevitably leads to long-term welfare losses,par-tially offsetting its overall improving effect on adult income.
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