摘要
凭借日益复杂的国内生产网络关系,出口行为通过国内客户-供应商之间的供应链溢出进行逐级传导,使得中国企业出口呈现出网络型扩张的微观新特征.通过构建国内生产关联和出口决策的理论模型,并使用2009-2016年中国上市企业的客户-供应商数据,研究发现:(1)间接出口优势显著提高企业新进入出口市场的概率,证实了从间接出口到直接出口的典型事实,且出口身份转换主要体现在自身出 口能力欠佳的中小型企业和出口意愿更强烈的行业;(2)间接生产率溢出和出口信息溢出是促进企业出口身份转换的两个重要渠道,供应商更可能紧随客户销往与其目的地相同或者相近的国外市场;(3)有过间接出口经历的企业在出口生存和出口产品质量方面表现更好,出口产品范围更为集中,而企业出口身份转换后仍然倾向于保留原有的间接出 口关系.本研究对双循环新发展格局下的国内外市场联动机制提供了一种新的微观解释.
Abstract
A notable typical fact is that,even in highly export-oriented economies like China,only a limited number of firms can successfully overcome barriers to entry into international markets to become direct exporters.Nevertheless,a vast number of indirect exporters can still integrate into the global market division of labor indirectly by supplying inputs to direct exporters and serving as their domestic suppliers.Indirect exporters possess inherent and unique export advan-tages:although they do not engage in direct export activities,their close domestic supply chain linkages with exporters al-low them to access timely information on international markets.Moreover,they experience productivity gains through in-direct export spillovers.These combined advantages facilitate their transformation into direct exporters.This study is in-terested in examining whether,within domestic production networks,exporters acting as critical intermediaries between the domestic and international markets,can effectively transfer the spillover benefits acquired from foreign markets to their domestic suppliers,thereby promoting the latter to directly enter international markets.This is not only the core re-search question of this paper but also vividly reflects a new pattern of development that features positive interplay be-tween domestic and international economic flows.General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized the importance of enabling better connectivity between the domestic and international markets and better employing the two markets and resources.From the micro-level perspective of domestic production networks,this paper explores the trade identity transformation of indirect exporters through domestic customer-supplier linkages,providing a novel interpretation of the network-based expansion phenomenon in China's firm export.This paper initially develops a theoretical framework of indirect production linkages and firm export decisions.Sub-sequently,customer-supplier transaction data from Chinese listed firms is integrated with Chinese customs transaction re-cords from 2009 to 2016 to perform the empirical analysis.The findings are as follows.First,indirect export advantages significantly increase the probability of firms entering new export markets,confirming the typical fact of transforming from indirect to direct export.This transformation of export identities is primarily observed among small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)with poorer export capabilities and in industries with a stronger desire to export.Second,indi-rect productivity spillovers and export information spillovers are two important channels that facilitate the transformation of firms'export identities.Suppliers are more likely to closely follow their customers into foreign markets that closely re-semble their customers'export destinations.Third,firms transforming to direct exporters tend to retain their existing indi-rect export linkages.Due to short-term production capacity constraints,these firms experience a temporary decline in their supply to domestic customers during the year of their export identity transformation.However,this supply gradually rebounds over time,notably facilitating the establishment of additional linkages with new domestic customers.Moreover,firms with prior indirect export experience perform better in export survival and export product quality and demonstrate a more focused export product portfolio.The contributions of this paper are as follows.First,this paper incorporates network heterogeneity to examine firms'export behavior,providing valuable insights into the determinants of firm exports through domestic customer-supplier linkages.Second,compared to the extensive literature on horizontal spillover effects driven by spatial proximity to export-ers,this study investigates the role of vertical export spillover effects through customer-supplier linkages in firms'export decisions.As such,it provides a meaningful contribution to the existing research on export spillovers.Third,this paper ex-plores how suppliers can capitalize on indirect export advantages to transform into direct exporters.By exploring this pro-cess through the lens of customer-supplier linkages,it offers a novel perspective on the initial export decisions of poten-tial entrants and the pathways for expanding the number of exporters.This analysis highlights the critical role of domestic production networks in export trade.
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