Objective To compare the effect of NOSES and conventional laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of rectal cancer.Methods the clinical data of 202 patients who underwent laparoscopic radical resection of rectal cancer in Fukuang General Hospital of Liaoning Health Industry Group from October 2017 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.According to NOSES operation and conventional laparoscopic radical resection of rectal cancer, patients were divided into two groups: experimental group (nasty 51) and control group (nasty 151).The clinical effects of the two groups were compared.Results there was no significant difference in basic data between the test group and the control group (P > 0.05).The pain score on the 1st and 4th day after operation, the use of additional analgesics, the time of first exhaust, the time of eating for the first time and the length of abdominal incision in the test group were superior to those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion The NOSES are equivalent to conventional laparoscopic surgery, and the NOSES are more aesthetically pleasing, the degree of postoperative pain is lighter, the recovery is faster, and it is less traumatic, which can benefit patients.