Objective To identify the microscopic characteristics of four kinds of medicinal Chinese herbs,namely pepermint,diversecolor cinquetoil,canton love-pea vine and Japanese thistle herb or root,and their common counterfeit products,and analyze their pharmacological effects.Methods A stereomicroscope was used to observe the stems,leaves,flowers and fruits and seeds of the four medicinal herbs,and their photographs were taken for recording,so as to find out the main points of the microscopic characteristics differentiating the genuine products from those counterfeit products,and to analyze their pharmacological effects.Results There were obvious differences in the microscopic characteristics of the four herbs and their counterfeits,which could be differentiated and identified using the microscopic characteristics identification method,and each herb had different chemical compositions and different pharmacological effects.Conclusion The microscopic characteristics identification method is simple and economical,and can be used to identify the authenticity of medicinal herbs.The four herbs have a wide range of pharmacological effects,and are suitable for promotion and application at the grassroots level to improve the quality of Chinese medicinal materials and ensure the safety and reliability of clinical medication.