竖井井壁结构设计理论研究现状及发展趋势
Current Status and Development Trends of Theoretical Research on Vertical Shaft Wall Structure Design
陈弦 1张基伟 2张佳鑫 2吴卫东 3潘锋 1张叔胤 1张忍杰1
作者信息
- 1. 陕西煤业化工建设(集团)有限公司,陕西西安 710021
- 2. 北京科技大学资源与安全工程学院,北京 100083;北京科技大学深地岩体工程科学研究院,北京 100083
- 3. 新疆兵团水利水电工程集团有限公司,新疆乌鲁木齐 830000
- 折叠
摘要
随着我国深部矿产资源开发需求的不断增加,竖井井壁结构设计理论面临着严峻的挑战.尤其是在千米级深井建设中,传统设计理论的滞后性与复杂的地质条件之间的矛盾日益突出,亟需进行系统的理论研究与技术创新,以满足深部资源开发的实际需求.系统梳理了单层、双层及复合井壁结构的发展历程,深入分析了其在不同地层环境下的力学响应特征.在此基础上,总结了传统井壁结构在深部高地应力、高渗透水压及高温耦合作用下的失效机制,并进一步揭示了井壁—围岩相互作用机理.通过构建多参数耦合的井壁厚度优化计算模型,定量评估了埋深、围岩强度等关键参数对承载力的影响,明确指出了传统设计在千米级深井中安全冗余不足的问题.基于上述研究,提出了多维参数耦合分析模型,将地质受力评估、结构体系优化与井壁设计理论有机结合,为适应深部复杂地质条件提供了新型结构优化方案.同时,通过对比分析了国内外竖井井壁设计规范中载荷结构法的理论体系及其工程适用性,系统探讨了各规范基于厚壁圆筒理论的差异化设计准则.总结了拉麦公式在浅层匀质岩体中具有普适性,但在深部复杂地质条件下存在显著局限;多姆克公式虽然改进了冻结壁厚度计算方法,但是其结果与实际工程需求存在深度悖反现象;包神公式引入流固耦合作用机制,实现了技术突破;锚注结构衬砌支护公式通过预锚注技术实现围岩—支护协同承载,为千米级深竖井设计提供了创新路径和理论框架.研究表明:①相较于传统圆形断面,椭圆形竖井在深部建井工程中展现出显著的稳定性优势,其特有的应力重分布特性可有效降低岩爆等动力灾害发生概率.②现有井壁稳定性理论体系在千米级以浅竖井工程中已初步验证有效,但在千米级以深竖井应用中尚未系统涵盖高地应力与温度应力的多场耦合效应,在结构参数动态优化、非均匀地质适配及深部多场耦合效应解析精度等方面存在亟待突破的技术瓶颈.③现行井壁设计规范提高了竖井井壁的安全性能,可为高水压环境下的支护设计与施工提供指导.④通过构建考虑围岩—支护动态响应的预锚注初期支护力学模型,建立了基于三维数值仿真的锚注结构衬砌支护理论体系,为深部复杂地层支护设计提供了理论基础.在上述分析的基础上,剖析了深竖井工程在超2 000 m深度面临以下挑战:传统理论难以解析高水压、高地温和复杂应力的耦合效应;二维模型在三维应力场中的精度不足;化学腐蚀导致的材料劣化缺乏完善的评价体系."十五五"乃至更长一段时间内,竖井井壁结构设计的研究应聚焦于以下方面:研发自适应应力调控与纳米复合增强材料;构建数字孪生平台,实现全生命周期管控;推动低碳化转型,推广3D打印再生混凝土技术;突破深部恶劣环境下的长效服役技术,开发多层梯度复合材料井壁,并优化椭圆形井壁的应力调控机制,提升极端条件下井壁的耐久性和可靠性.上述分析对于破解深部竖井工程中高地应力、高温、高水压多场耦合作用下的井壁失效难题具有参考意义.通过建立多维参数耦合分析模型及新型复合井壁技术体系,为千米级深井井壁结构设计提供了理论基础.
Abstract
With the continuous increase in the demand for deep mineral resources development in China,the design theo-ry of shaft lining structure is facing severe challenges.Especially in the construction of kilometer-level deep shafts,the contra-diction between the lag of traditional design theories and the complex geological conditions is becoming increasingly prominent.There is an urgent need for systematic theoretical research and technological innovation to meet the actual needs of deep re-source development.The development history of single-layer,double-layer and composite shaft lining structures was systemati-cally reviewed,and their mechanical response characteristics under different geological conditions were deeply analyzed.On this basis,the failure mechanisms of traditional shaft lining structures under the coupling effects of deep high in-situ stress,high wa-ter pressure and high temperature were summarized,and the interaction mechanism between the shaft lining and surrounding rock was further revealed.By constructing a multi-parameter coupling optimization calculation model for shaft lining thickness,the influence of key parameters such as burial depth and surrounding rock strength on bearing capacity was quantitatively eval-uated,and the problem of insufficient safety redundancy in traditional design for kilometer-deep shafts was clearly pointed out.Based on the above research,the multi-dimensional parameter coupling analysis model was proposed,which organically com-bines geological stress assessment,structural system optimization and shaft lining design theory,providing a new structural opti-mization solution for adapting to deep complex geological conditions.At the same time,by comparing and analyzing the theoreti-cal systems and engineering applicability of the load structure method in domestic and foreign shaft lining design codes,the dif-ferentiated design criteria based on the thick-walled cylinder theory in each code were systematically discussed.It was conclu-ded that the Lame formula is generally applicable in shallow homogeneous rock masses,but has significant limitations in deep complex geological conditions;the Domke formula improved the calculation method of frozen wall thickness,but its results are in deep contradiction with actual engineering requirements;the Bao Shen formula introduced the fluid-solid coupling mecha-nism,achieving a technological breakthrough;the anchor-grouting structure lining support formula realizes the coordinated bear-ing of surrounding rock and support through pre-grouting technology,providing an innovative path and theoretical framework for the design of kilometer-deep vertical shafts.Research shows that:① Compared with traditional circular cross-sections,elliptical shafts exhibit significant stability advantages in deep shaft construction projects.Their unique stress redistribution characteris-tics can effectively reduce the occurrence probability of dynamic disasters such as rockburst.② The existing theoretical system for shaft lining stability has been preliminarily verified to be effective in shaft projects less than 1 000 meters deep,but it has not systematically covered the multi-field coupling effects of high ground stress and temperature stress in shafts deeper than 1 000 meters.There are still technical bottlenecks that need to be overcome in aspects such as dynamic optimization of struc-tural parameters,adaptation to non-uniform geological conditions,and the accuracy of multi-field coupling effect analysis in deep shafts.③ The current shaft lining design code has improved the safety performance of shaft linings and provides guidance for support design and construction in high water pressure environments.④ By constructing a mechanical model of the initial support with pre-grouting and anchoring considering the dynamic response of the surrounding rock and support,a theoretical system for the lining support of the grouting and anchoring structure based on three-dimensional numerical simulation has been established,providing a theoretical basis for support design in deep and complex strata.Based on the above analysis,the follow-ing challenges faced by deep shaft engineering at depths exceeding 2 000 meters are dissected:traditional theories are inade-quate in analyzing the coupled effects of high water pressure,high ground temperature and complex stress;the accuracy of two-dimensional models in three-dimensional stress fields is insufficient;and there is a lack of a complete evaluation system for ma-terial degradation caused by chemical corrosion.During the"15 th Five-Year Plan"period and beyond,research on the design of shaft lining structures should focus on the following aspects:developing self-adaptive stress regulation and nano-composite re-inforcing materials;building a digital twin platform to achieve full life-cycle management;promoting low-carbon transformation and popularizing 3D printed recycled concrete technology;breaking through the long-term service technology under deep and harsh environments,develop multi-layer gradient composite material wellbore linings,and optimize the stress regulation mecha-nism of elliptical wellbore linings to enhance the durability and reliability of wellbore linings under extreme conditions.The a-bove analysis has reference significance for solving the problem of shaft lining failure under the coupling effect of high ground stress,high temperature and high water pressure in deep vertical shaft engineering.Through the establishment of a multi-dimen-sional parameter coupling analysis model and a new composite shaft lining technology system,it provides a theoretical basis for the design of shaft lining structures in kilometer-level deep shafts.
关键词
井壁结构/围岩荷载/水平地压理论/井壁与围岩相互作用/井壁厚度设计规范/椭圆形井壁Key words
wellbore structure/surrounding rock load/horizontal ground pressure theory/interaction between wellbore and surrounding rock/design specification for wellbore thickness/elliptical wellbore wall引用本文复制引用
出版年
2025
NETL
NSTL
万方数据