When one increases,the other falls:the effect of bike sharing on urban public-transit ridership
The rapid expansion of bike sharing has significantly affected urban public transit.Al-though previous studies have examined the effects of bike sharing on city buses and rail transit,the overall effect of bike sharing on public transit remains unclear.In particular,long-term trends and un-derlying mechanisms driving these changes warrant a more comprehensive investigation.This study addresses this gap using a staggered difference-in-differences approach to analyze how bike sharing affects city-bus,rail-transit,and public-transit ridership.Our findings show that following the intro-duction of bike sharing,city-bus ridership decreased by 0.128 standard deviations(approximately 123.8 million trips,an 8.77%decrease),whereas rail-transit ridership increased by 0.088 standard de-viations(approximately 82.52 million trips,a 14.34%increase).This offsetting effect led to no net change in public-transit ridership.Over time,the negative effect of bike sharing on city-bus ridership has intensified,whereas its positive effect on rail-transit ridership has grown steadily.In larger cities and areas with better public-transit access,bike sharing tends to reduce city-bus ridership and in-crease rail-transit ridership.We recommend integrating bike sharing with urban public transit to in-crease ridership,creating dedicated bus lanes in congested areas to enhance bus competitiveness.Ad-ditionally,reduce city-bus routes in high-accessibility areas to mitigate competition between city bus-es and bike sharing,and increase routes in low-accessibility areas to enhance the advantages of city-bus services.
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