With the continuous improvement of the manufacturing and design level of modern mechanical products,the requirements for the structural design of mechanical parts are becoming more and more stringent,and it is particularly important to analyse their structural rationality.Therefore,a brief discussion is made on the principle of rational design of mechanical parts structure,focusing on several aspects such as blank selection of parts structure design,simplification of parts structure design,further improvement of structural economy design,parts design accuracy,optimisation of strength of parts structure,and economy of parts machining,etc.,in order to promote the rationality of parts structure design,and to improve the accuracy and strength of parts structure.