Health Risk Assessment for Formaldehyde and Benzene in Electronics City and Furniture Market:Monte Carlo Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis
Based on the preliminary surveys,potential air pollution was suggested in an electronic city,a home furnishing market,and an office building,prompting an in-depth study of these venues.Firstly,formaldehyde,benzene,toluene,xylene,and TVOC levels were measured in various sections of these venues.The data were then compared and analyzed.Given the formaldehyde and benzene concentration-based health risk assessment model,health risks for the staff exposed to these substances were estimated through a Monte Carlo simulation in Crystal Ball software.The sensitivity analysis in the Crystal Ball also shed light on the risk assessment uncertainty associated with exposure parameters.The results indicate that:1)test areas showed formaldehyde contamination,peaking at 0.249 mg/m3 and 0.195 mg/m3 in a section of the electronic product city and the home furnishing market,respectively.Benzene,toluene,xylene,and TVOC concentration levels were mostly within standards.2)There is a high formaldehyde health risk for the male staff aged 45-60 in the electronic product market,with the largest cancer risk(CR)value of 4.02x10-4.Additionally,all staff in the electronic product market are exposed to a non-carcinogenic risk.3)Apart from office staff and young staff in the home furnishing market,there is a cancer risk from benzene exposure by other staff.There is a low likelihood of adverse health effects caused by non-carcinogenic risk for benzene exposure.4)For both formaldehyde and benzene,the staff aged 45-60 expose to higher cancer risks compared to those aged 18-44,within the same gender.However,the younger age group,18-44,experiences higher non-carcinogenic risks.Across the same age groups,males are at a higher risk than females.5)For young staff,exposure duration accounts for over 90％of variance in the uncertainty analysis,while for older adults,body weight has the highest variance contribution to the uncertainty analysis,about 50％.Breathing rate contributes the least for both age groups.6)For staff with the same age and gender,exposure duration accounts for over 90％of the uncertainty in cancer risk estimation.Body weight contributes roughly 80％to the uncertainty in non-carcinogenic risk assessment,with exposure duration having a negligible impact.The findings can offer guidance for the protection strategies of human health.
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