A Study of the Urban Defence Space in the Early Northern Song Dynasty through the Lens of Hu Qian Jing
Hu qian jing(The Key Strategies of War),a military manual from the early Northern Song dy-nasty(960-1022 CE),is an important source for understanding the development of military defence space during this period.This article discusses the strategy and organisation of the defence system as well as the defensive elements and their layout in the early Northern Song dynasty by analysing its historical context and the main chapters on defence philosophy from the original text of Hu qian jing.The study identifies relationships between all levels of urban defence system and their interplay.It also explores the development of spatial elements of urban defence at various structural levels,synthe-sising the evolution of urban defence philosophy as reflected in the history of ancient Chinese urban construction and military defence during the early Northern Song dynasty.The research findings high-light the historical experience and significance of this evolution.
Hu qian jingdefence spaceurban de-fence systemdefence construction theoryearly Northern Song dynasty