Advances in resistance of host plants to insect herbivores:Taking Ips typographus as study case
Ips typographus(Coleoptera,Scolytidae)is one of destructive insect pest of coniferous species.Pioneer I.typographus males colonized on spruce trees by using host volatiles as olfactory signals.After excavation of nuptial chambers,they release the aggregation pheromone to attract both female and male conspecifics,and cause a mass aggregation of individuals(mass-attack).During a successful bark beetle attack,systemic acquired resistance(SAR).The resistance reaction of different host plants to the bark beetle was different.An invasion also activates inducible defenses,which may include physical structure,components and volatile chemicals of host plants,and produce a large number of defensive chemicals to resist the damage of I.typographus.Effective defence of a conifer's stem is provided by a multi-stage system,which is chronologically continued and is regulated as a series of multiple resistance mechanisms of both constitutive and inducible defences.Many adaptive plasticity against invading organisms depends on this type of resistance.It triggers qualitative and quantitative differences in the host chemistry,and by a systemic change in the whole tree's metabolism.It provides a sustainable tree defence strategy.This resistance of host trees to plant predators opens up a new way to develop plant inducers and behavioral regulators of insect herbivores and its natural enemies.
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