The response of Apis mellifera to flupyradifurone and imidacloprid stress
Flupyradifurone(FPF)has attracted attention as a potential alternative pesticide because of the high toxicity of neonicotinoids to bees.Since FPF is considered as"bee safe"and can be used on sequentially blooming crops,bees may be directly and chronically exposed to it.The response of honeybee physiological indicators to pesticide stress is the basis for analyzing the chronic toxicity of pesticide.In this study,we compared the effects of FPF and imidacloprid(IMI)on honey bee survival rate,detoxification and oxidative stress-related enzymes,and expression of immune and apoptosis-related genes.The results showed that both pesticides had similar chronic oral toxicity to nurse bees.Both the pesticides significantly reduced the survival rate;and caused tissue damage and cell death in midgut cells.They also induced significant oxidative stress,detoxification and immune responses.In addition,surviving bees may tolerate pesticide stress by inhibiting the peroxidase activity and down-regulating apoptotic gene expression.The above results provide a theoretical basis for analyzing the chronic toxicity of the two pesticides and the selection of pesticide-resistant bee species.
FlupyradifuroneApis mellifera L.apoptosisoxidative stressimmune and detoxification
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