Pb-Ba silicate artifacts,represented by Pb-Ba glass,stand out as some of the most distinctive indigenous crafts of pre-Qin China.The raw materials,techniques,and origins of the production of such artifacts have consistently been focal points of research.Through chemical and lead isotope analysis of 53 Pb-Ba glass and faience bead samples unearthed from the Alagou cemetery in Xinjiang,alongside a survey of previously published compositional and lead isotope data about Pb-Ba silicate artifacts,this study demonstrates the diverse origins of the production of unearthed Pb-Ba silicate artifacts in China.This study also discusses formulation techniques and origins of production for different types of Pb-Ba silicate artifacts,as well as production modes of Pb-Ba silicate artifacts in China.Additionally,this study uses Pb-Ba glass to explore interactive communication between the Central Plains and Xinjiang during the Warring States period.