Based on the cultural periodization and the chronological sequence of major sites,this study examines the trajectory of social complexification in the northern plateau.During the early Longshan era,small-scale,simple societies that had formed since the Yangshao period continued to exist in the region.However,during the late Longshan era,sites such as Lushanmao,Houchengzui,and Shimao indicate that social complexification in the northern plateau experienced rapid,leapfrog development within a short time period.The changes at the southern and northern ends of the plateau were initially manifested by two"cultural movements"originating from the Central Plains and the North China.In fact,these movements reflect the rise and fall of two distinct economic modes.The"economic revolution"characterized by an agricultural-pastoral economy that emerged in the northern plateau motivate a"social revolution",giving rise to early states such as Shimao in northern Shaanxi and Taosi in southern Shanxi.
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