This article reviews the developmental history of brain-computer interface(BCI)technology,from the era of scientific fantasy in the 1920s to the technological boom of the 21st century,summarizing the key progress and achievements at various stages of BCI technology.The article describes the basic components of BCI technology and its classification methods,including different types of BCI systems(output-oriented,input-oriented,and bidirectional interactive)and signal acquisition methods(non-invasive,semi-invasive,and invasive),and discusses the challenges BCI technology currently faces in psychophysiology,technology,industry,and regulation.Finally,the article looks forward to the future development directions of BCI technology,anticipating significant advancements in hardware optimization,software integration,and algorithm innovation in the coming decades,and the potential widespread application in fields such as healthcare,education,entertainment,and human-computer interaction.
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