Shanghai International Joint Laboratory of Intelligent Prevention and Treatment for Metabolic Diseases,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,School of Electronic,Information,and Electrical Engineering,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism,Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,Shanghai Diabetes Institute,Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes,Shanghai 200240,China

MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence

Department of Medicine,Faculty of Medicine,University of Malaya,Kuala Lumpur 50603,Malaysia

Department of Medicine and Therapeutics,The Chinese University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong,China

Asia Diabetes Foundation,Hong Kong,China

Tsinghua Medicine of Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China

School of Clinical Medicine,Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital,Beijing 102218,China

Division of Endocrinology,Diabetes,& Metabolism,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore,MD 21211,USA

Department of Endocrinology,Singapore General Hospital,Singapore 169608,Singapore

Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology,Beijing Tongren Hospital,Capital University of Medical Science,Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory Beijing 100730,China

State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology,Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science,Guangzhou 510060,China

Singapore Eye Research Institute,Singapore National Eye Centre,Singapore 168751,Singapore

Department of Cardiology,the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University,Qingdao 266011,China

Centre for Population Health Sciences,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine,Nanyang Technological University Singapore,Singapore 639798,Singapore

Department of Primary Care and Public Health,School of Public Health,Imperial College London,London SW7 2BU,UK

Clinical Trial Unit,Research Centre of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine,Institute of Precision Medicine,The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510080,China

Diabetes Research Institute,Mills-Peninsula Medical Center,San Mateo,CA 94010,USA

Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health,National University of Singapore,Singapore 119077,Singapore

Department of Ophthalmology,National University of Singapore,Singapore 119077,Singapore

Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program,Duke-NUS Medical School,Singapore 169857,Singapore