Abstract
Transcranial electrical stimulation(tES)is a non-invasive technique widely used in modulating brain activity and behavior,but its effects differ across individuals and are influenced by head anatomy.In this study,we investigated how the electric field(EF)generated by high-definition tES varies across the lifes-pan among different demographic groups and its relationship with neural responses measured by func-tional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI).We employed an MRI-guided finite element method to simulate the EF for the two most common tES montages(i.e.,targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and motor cortex,respectively)in two large cohorts of white and Asian participants aged 12 to 100 years.We found that the EF intensity decreased with age,particularly in individuals under 25 years of age,and was influenced by gender and ethnicity.We identified skull thickness,scalp thickness,and epidural cere-brospinal fluid thickness,as the primary anatomical factors accounting for the inter-individual EF vari-ability.Using a concurrent tES-fMRI approach,we observed a spatial consistency between the simulated EF and the brain activity changes induced by tES in the target region.Finally,we developed an open-source toolbox incorporating age-stratified head models to facilitate efficient EF calculations.These findings characterize and quantify the individual differences in tES-induced EF,offering a reference for implementing personalized neuromodulation strategies.
NETL
NSTL
中国科学院心理研究所
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