Abstract
Glycolysis-related lactic acid overproduction creates an"ion-trapping"barrier and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that compromise effective intratumoral drug delivery and therapy.Therefore,normalization of tumor microenvironment via lactic acid neutralization can be a promising avenue for overcoming this therapeutic hurdle.In this study,the flexible liposomes loaded with sodium bicarbonate(NaHCO3@Flip)were used as a nano-adjuvant to boost chemoimmunotherapy.Their effects on assisting DOXIL and anti-programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)therapy were investigated.NaHCO3@Flip achieved deep tumor penetration,with the ability to neutralize lactic acid and normalize the acidic tumor microenvironment.NaHCO3@Flip is biosafe and can enhance cellular uptake efficiency of doxorubicin(DOX)by overcoming the ion-trapping barrier and amplify immunogenic cell death induced by DOX.The combination therapy of liposomal DOX and NaHCO3@Flip demonstrated enhanced inhibition of tumor growth.NaHCO3@Flip can also synergize with PD-1 antibody therapy.NaHCO3@Flip has the potential to serve as a therapeutic adjuvant for boosting chemoimmunotherapy by overcoming the ion-trapping effect and normalizing the tumor microenvironment.