Advances in diagnosis and treatment of ureteral stent encrustation
The most important risk factor in ureteral stent encrustation is prolonged stent retention time.Some patients may present with abdominal pain,hematuria,lower urinary tract symptoms,and infection,while others have no obvious symptoms.The diagnosis and treatment of ureteral stent encrustation is sometimes a chal-lenge for urologists,and there is no standard management method.Most clinicians believe that the diagnosis can be confirmed by imaging examination,and the difficulty of surgery can be evaluated by kidney-ureter-bladder(KUB)grading method to develop an individualized treatment plan.The main treatment methods include extra-corporeal shock wave lithotripsy(ESWL),ureteroscopic lithotripsy(URL),percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PC-NL),traditional open surgery or laparoscopic surgery.
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