The occurrence and development of tumors are deeply affected by the environment surrounding cells.The interaction between tumor cells and their microenvironment has been recognized as one of the key deter-minants of cancer development and is being extensively studied.The microbiome can modulate the body's immune system and anti-tumor properties,thereby influencing bladder cancer progression and tumorigenesis.Therefore,the microbiome can be used as a biomarker as well as in the treatment of different stages of bladder cancer.
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