Progress of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes-based adoptive cell therapy in bladder cancer
Over the past few decades,immunotherapy has been a prominent area of focus within the field of cancer research.Among the various forms of immunotherapy,adoptive cell therapy(ACT)has shown some promise in the treatment of a range of solid tumours,especially tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes-adoptive cell ther-apy(TIL-ACT).It is thought that tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes may be able to affect the tumour microenviron-ment(TME)through interactions among different cells,which could influence tumour genesis and development and exert anti-tumour effects directly or indirectly.There is evidence to suggest that TIL-ACT is an effective ap-proach to metastatic melanoma.It seems that TIL-ACT is gradually gaining the attention and popularity of re-searchers in bladder cancer,and some preliminary progress has been made.Some animal experiments and clinical studies indicate that TIL-ACT may play a role in inhibiting tumour development and progression in non-muscle in-vasive bladder cancer(NMIBC),as well as in muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer.In addition,it has been demonstrated to predict treatment response and act as a prognostic marker.This paper reviews the advances,challenges and future directions for the development of TIL-ACT in bladder cancer.
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