膀胱癌是泌尿系统常见的恶性肿瘤.对于无法手术治疗和存在肌层浸润的转移性膀胱癌,以顺铂为基础的化疗方案被用作首选治疗.由于化疗耐药性的出现,不少患者的化疗效果不佳,导致肿瘤的再次发生和疾病的进展.晚期膀胱癌的治疗随着免疫治疗药物、抗体-药物偶联物以及成纤维细胞生长因子受体(fibroblast growth factor receptor,FGFR)抑制剂的引入发生了突破性改变.然而,除了检测FGFR变异和细胞程序性死亡-配体1(programmed cell death ligand 1,PD-L1)的免疫组织化学评估外,预测疗效的分子标志物仍然缺乏.膀胱肿瘤类器官是近年来肿瘤研究中的一个热点领域,研究者通过将患者的肿瘤细胞在体外培养成类器官,能够更好地模拟肿瘤的三维结构和微环境.这种技术为膀胱肿瘤微环境及生物学研究提供了平台,为膀胱肿瘤的药物筛选和潜在分子标志物的探索提供了重要工具.本文综述了膀胱肿瘤类器官的构建方法、应用现状及其在药物敏感性测试中的优势,分析了现有研究的局限性,并探讨了未来的发展方向.通过对相关文献的系统梳理,旨在为膀胱肿瘤研究提供新的视角和借鉴.
Advances in the application of tumor organoids in bladder cancer biology research and non-invasive diagnosis and treatment
Bladder cancer is a common malignancy of the urinary system.For metastatic bladder cancer that is not amenable to surgical treatment and presents with muscle-invasive disease,cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the preferred first-line treatment.However,due to the emergence of chemoresistance,many patients experience poor responses to chemotherapy,leading to tumor recurrence and disease progression.The treatment of advanced blad-der cancer has undergone a breakthrough with the introduction of immunotherapy drugs,antibody-drug conju-gates,and fibroblast growth factor receptor(FGFR)inhibitors.Nevertheless,apart from detecting FGFR muta-tions and immunohistochemical assessment of programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1),there remains a lack of molecular markers to predict therapeutic efficacy.Bladder tumor organoids have emerged as a hot topic in recent years in cancer research.By culturing patient-derived tumor cells into organoids in vitro,researchers can better simulate the three-dimensional structure and microenvironment of tumors.This technology provides a platform for studying the tumor microenvironment and biology of bladder cancer,offering a crucial tool for drug screening and the exploration of potential molecular markers.This article reviews the construction methods and current applica-tions of bladder tumor organoids,highlights their advantages in drug sensitivity testing,analyzes the limitations of existing studies,and discusses future development directions.By systematically reviewing relevant literature,this paper aims to provide new perspectives and references for bladder cancer research.
bladder cancertumor organoidsdrug screeningtumor biology research
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