Cervical dystonia(CD)is a common focal dystonia in clinical practice,which is mainly caused by involuntary contraction of neck muscles,manifesting abnormal posture or movement.Most of them are idiopathic.The treatment of CD includes oral medication,botulinum toxin A(BoNT-A)injection,surgery and so on.BoNT-A injection has rapid onset,long duration,few side effects,and good repeatability,which is currently the preferred treatment.However,the efficacy of BoNT-A injection varies greatly among different studies.In order to improve the efficacy of BoNT-A injection,various clinical guidance techniques have been developed.This article reviews the advantages and disadvantages of various BoNT-A injection guidance techniques.
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