The Phenomenon of Ming and Qing Officials'"Cryptic Language"for Political"Self-Protection"
During the Ming and Qing dynasties,the autocratic imperial power was highly centralized,the struggle between officials,parties,and political groups was fierce,and crimes and anti-crimes among officials con-tinued.In this political environment,the"cryptic language"frequently used by officials in their writings gradually moved away from word games to a conventional means of political"self-protection".They cleverly used"cryptic language"in terms of its concealment to avoid the taboo words of the monarch,prevent the deliberate attacks from political opponents and cover up their own criminal acts,which reflected a deformed bureaucratic ecology.
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