"Integrating the Civil Service Examination into Schools":The Gestation of Modem Chinese Historiography
During the late Qing Dynasty's"New Policies",the reform of the civil service examination and the establishment of new style schools had a profound impact on the transformation of traditional Chinese histo-riography.Both the civil service examination and academic institutions advocated the role of historiography in safeguarding the imperial power,state-crafting,and communicating with China and foreign countries.Both listed historical books such as Compiled Reviews of the Emperor's Remarks on Tongjian(yupi tongjian ji-lan),Outline of the Emperor's Remarks on Tongjian(yupi tongjian gangmu),and the"nine political tong-genre books"(jiutong),as their main reference books.The new degree-holders such as national level jinshi and provincial level juren who had a solid base in Chinese learning and a shallow understanding of Western learning,temporarily filled the gap of teachers in modern schools.After the establishment of the new education system,there was a significant gap between the actual teaching of historiography and the blueprint envisioned.
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