Inescapable Embrace of the United States:A History of Two NORAD Exercises(1959-1960)
In order to test the effectiveness of the radar early warning system in North America and NORAD's military retaliation capability,Canada and the United States successively formulated two military exercise plans:Exercise Sky Hawk and Exercise Sky Shield under NORAD.For the former,Canada,based on the overall situation of East-West detente and its own sovereign independence,refused to participate despite multiple consultations with the United States;for the latter,the plan was adopted from the perspective of maintaining the overall interests of the West and the security of North American air defense.Canada's con-flicted stance not only reflected its insistence on sovereign independence but also indicated its helplessness in relying on U.S.security protection due to its lack of national defense strength,thus having to comply with the U.S.wishes.
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