摘要
县制起源是中国地方行政制度史研究的核心问题.西周王畿"千里",始封诸侯"方百里",形成周室对诸侯的优势力量对比.周虽普行分封,但不排斥君主对公邑的直辖管理,实际呈现为王权主导下"公邑—私邑"复合制.东周以降,诸侯县制形成不同系统.楚县多属灭国的直接转化,内部变动较小,可称"国"、"都".晋县不是卿大夫采邑,也不兼具公邑、封邑二重性质,实际是君主直辖公邑,晚期任官、司法与秦汉接近.秦商鞅变法全面推行县制,彻底实行公邑化,统一置令、丞、有秩吏,县制最终确立.中国古代分封制、郡县制不宜截然两分.县制形成与社会组织、经济制度变动有关,核心是官僚组织的建立及运行.
Abstract
The origin of the county system is a core issue in the history of China's local administrative system.During the Western Zhou,the king,who had over"a thousand miles"of land under his control,enjoyed a territorial dominance over feudal lords whose granted lands covered no more than"a hundred miles square".The Zhou Dynasty's universal feudalism did not exclude public fiefdoms from the direct supervision of the monarch;thus a composite"public-private fiefdom"system was formed.From the Eastern Zhou onwards,the county system of those states diversified.The Chu counties were mostly former states which underwent little internal change after conquest,and could be described as"states"or"capitals".Meanwhile,the Jin counties did not originate from the granted fiefdoms of ministers or nobles,and lacked a public/enfeoffment fiefdom dual nature.Rather,these were public fiefdoms under the monarch's direct jurisdiction,whose judicial and appointment regimes in later periods were similar to those of the Qin and Han dynasties.After Shang Yang's reforms,Qin extensively implemented the county system,reformed public fiefs,and centralized the appointment of officials,magistrates,and other authorities under direct monarch control.These changes ultimately led to the formal establishment of the county system.In analysing ancient China,attempts to clearly distinguish between enfeoffment and the county system are thus inappropriate.The formation of the county system was related to the development of social organization and economic systems,which revolved around the establishment and operation of bureaucratic organizations.
维普
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