Emperor Lothar Ⅰ of the Carolingian Empire divided the middle Frankish kingdom amongst his three sons prior to his death.This distribution to several sons during his reign indicates that he neither planned individual succession for his eldest son,nor planned to follow the tradition of partitioning territory among multiple sons,but rather deliberately maintained openness to several models of succession.His final choice of partitional succession was beneficial to the harmony of the royal family and the peace of the kingdoms,in the short run.However,in the longer term,it set up a precedent for the subdivision of sub-kingdoms,rendered the emperor'emperor'in name only,lacking in authority to maintain the unity of the empire.This sowed the seeds for the problem of Lotharingia(later to become Lorraine),and thereby added fuel to the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire.
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