摘要
学界普遍认为江苏铜山丘湾葬地所见立石为"社主",故认为该遗址为"社"祀遗址.但从考古及文献证据考量,丘湾立石为"社石"之说殊为可疑.商代已有石质社主之说尚无文献确证,甲骨卜辞所见商代社祀与丘湾葬地亦有别,商代、西周尚未发现其他社祀遗迹,证据表明丘湾葬地与商周社祀存在不小差异.从亚欧大陆众多立石现象看,将其理解为原始石崇拜的纪念性标识是较为谨慎的做法.
Abstract
The academic community generally believes that the standing stone found at the burial site in Qiuwan,Tongshan,Jiangsu was a form of"shezhu"(社主,a totemic pole symbolizing the community spirit),and therefore views the site as one dedicated to"she"(社)sacrifice However archaeological and documentary evidence render the claim that the Qiuwan standing stones were"she stones"(社石)dubious.No conclusive evidence in the literature supports the claim that stone"shezhu"existed in the Shang Dynasty,while extant oracle-bone inscriptions suggest that,during the Shang Dynasty,the sacrificial rites associated with"she"differed from those in evidence at the Qiuwan burial site Furthermore,no other traces of Shang or Western Zhou dynasty"she"sacrificial rites have been discovered.This points to significant differences between the Qiuwan burial site and Shang and Zhou dynasty sacrificial rites dedicated to"she".Given the numerous standing stones found across the Eurasian continent,it would seem more conservative to interpret the Qiuwan standing stones as commemorative symbols of primitive stone worship.
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