摘要
培养"中学"人才是清季应对文化危机的重要方式.清廷颁行由中小学堂逐级递升直至通儒院的一整套中学教育方案,各省几乎都有培养中学人才的办学规划和举措,在储存文史之才、保存传统文化方面作出贡献.但应对文化危机是一项复杂的系统工程,核心是如何安顿中西学,需综合考量权衡中学渊源有自的传统和时代需求.清末朝野培养中学人才方案取向各异,往往趋于极端.坚守传统者忽视致用,讲求致用者有将中学工具化的倾向,均不同程度忽略中学这一文化体系的特质,甚至改变了"道""器"相依的传统,伤及其主体性,皆未成为应对文化危机的良方.
Abstract
Cultivating Chinese learning talents was the important approach to respond to the cultural crisis in the late Qing Dynasty.The Qing government issued a series of schemes for Chinese learning education spanning primary schools to Tongruyuan(postgraduate institutes).Almost all provinces also undertook their own measures.These efforts made contributions to storing talents in literature and history and preserving the traditional culture.However,it required a complex and systematic approach to cope with the cultural crisis.The core was how to integrate Chinese and Western learning.It was necessary to strike a balance between the tradition and the demands of the era.While the numerous initiatives aimed at cultivating Chinese learning talents by the governments or the nongovernmental elites in the late Qing Dynasty often differed in their orientations and tended towards the extreme.Those who adhered to tradition ignored practical application;those who emphasized practical application tended to instrumentalize the Chinese learning,neglected the unique characteristics of the Chinese learning in various degree,moreover,altered its very feature,the interdependence between"Tao"and"Qi",thus hurt the subjectivity of the Chinese learning.In brief,such initiatives failed to provide a solution capable of managing the cultural crisis.
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