The Qing Dynasty challenged traditional geographical concepts in many ways,especially in its understanding of mountains from the time of the Yu Gong(Tribute of Yu).The mapping of the territory during the reign of Emperor Kangxi resulted in the theory that"the range of Mount Tai originates from the Changbai Mountains",an idea laid out in the Huang Yu Quan Lan Tu(Complete Atlas of the Empire),rewriting the existing theory of mountain ranges in China with"two trunks of the north and south".The Da Qing Yi Tong Zhi(Records of the Unity of the Great Qing)and the Xi Yu Tu Zhi(Illustrated Treatise on the Western Regions)listed the mountains and rivers of Tibet and the Western Regions systematically and expanded the Chinese mountain system.During a mid-Qing surge in studies on the historical geography of Northwest China,scholars like Wei Yuan proposed a new global theory centered around the Pamir(Congling)or Gangdise Mountains and connecting the territory into a cohesive whole and providing a territorial justification for the boundaries of the Qing Dynasty.In the process of shaping national consciousness in the Qing Dynasty,the mountains,rivers and their networks played a crucial role.
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