During the Second Opium War of 1856-1860,Britain and France employed violence and unequal treaties to establish the concession island of Shamian in Guangzhou,with the British and French consuls even going so far as to claim"rights"over Shaji and areas adjacent to the Concession.Frequently meddling unreasonably in local affairs,they manipulated the Chinese administrative system and personnel in an effort to expand their own influence.In response,the Chinese authorities adjusted the existing system and developed a multi-tier governance model involving officials in the management of the everyday affairs of foreigners.These included a Commissioner for Shaji Creek,a Patrol Battalion,and civil and military officials,such as the Magistrate of Nanhai County and the Company Commander of the Western Suburb.After the Patrol Battalion was stationed in the Concession in 1883,the British and French consuls attempted to infiltrate the battalion and encroach on Chinese administrative jurisdiction.British and French interference in the Shamian Concession during the late Qing dynasty undermined government order and exemplified the semi-colonial,semi-feudal nature of contemporary Chinese society.
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