Research on the Selection and Appointment of Officials of Hanhuangde Dao in the Late Qing Dynasty(1861-1911)
Hanhuangde Dao was first established in the second year of Shunzhi.After several adjustments,it was also in charge of Hankow Customs Houses and Hubei provincial foreign affairs since 1861.In the late Qing Dynasty,officials of Hanhuangde Dao were mainly appointed when the provincial governor petitioned to fill the vacancy.The officials of Hanhuangde Dao have two characteristics:firstly,the expansion of the local role of Han landlords in the late Qing Dynasty led to the continuous expansion of the number of Dao officials of Han;secondly,due to the lack of local finance in the late Qing Dynasty,being an official in informal ways could supplement government finance.As a result,although officials who had formal qualifications were still the main population,more and more officials of Dao were appointed through informal routes,such as donation and recommendation.
the late Qing DynastyHanhuangde Daoofficial of Daoselection and appointment way
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