Persimmon cultivars are generally classified into pollination constant &non-astringent(PCNA)and non-PCNA types.In recent years,global persimmon breeding has increasingly focused on PCNA cultivars.Japan has led these efforts,with national and public researchers developing about 20 excellent hybrid cultivars,including Yoho,Taishu,Soshu and Akio.Over the past decade,South Korea had used Japanese PCNA cultivars as hybridization parents to breed eight new PCNA cultivars.In China,the genetic improvement of Chinese PCNA cultivars had progressed consistently,establishing an integrated breeding system.This system incorporates hybridization parent selection,embryo rescue,early molecular marker-assisted selection for astringency and sex traits,grafting of in vitro-propagated rootless shoots onto developed intermediate rootstocks,and synchronized evaluation in breeding nursery and main producing areas.With ongoing advances,new cultivars are expected to emerge,marking a transition toward"genomic selection+gene editing".This review also summarizes recent progress in the genetic improvement of persimmon rootstocks at both national and international levels.
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