Carbon dioxide enrichment affected flower numbers transiently and increased successful post-pollination development stably but without altering final acorn production in mature pedunculate oak(Quercus robur L.)

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外文摘要：Acorn production in oak(Quercus spp.)shows considerable inter-annual variation,known as masting,which provides a natural defence against seed predators but a highly-variable supply of acorns for uses such as in commercial tree planting each year.Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases have been very widely reported to influence plant growth and seed or fruit size and quantity via the'fertilisation effect'that leads to enhanced photosynthesis.To examine if acorn production in mature woodland communities will be affected by further increase in CO2,the contents of litter traps from a Free Air Carbon Enrichment(FACE)experiment in deciduous woodland in central England were analysed for numbers of flowers and acorns of pedunculate oak(Que rcus robur L.)at different stages of development and their predation levels under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations.Inter-annual variation in acorn numbers was considerable and cyclical between 2015 and 2021,with the greatest numbers of mature acorns in 2015,2017 and 2020 but almost none in 2018.The numbers of flowers,enlarged cups,immature acorns,empty acorn cups,and galls in the litter traps also varied amongst years;comparatively high numbers of enlarged cups were recorded in 2018,suggesting Q.robur at this site is a fruit maturation masting species(i.e.,the extent of abortion of pollinated flowers during acorn development affects mature acorn numbers greatly).Raising the atmospheric CO2 concentration by 150 μL L-1,from early 2017,increased the numbers of immature acorns,and all acorn evidence(empty cups+immature acorns+mature acorns)detected in the litter traps compared to ambient controls by 2021,but did not consistently affect the numbers of flowers,enlarged cups,empty cups,or mature acorns.The number of flowers in the elevated CO2 plots'litter traps was greater in 2018 than 2017,one year after CO2 enrichment began,whereas numbers declined in ambient plots.Enrichment with CO2 also increased the number of oak knopper galls(Andricus quercuscalicis Burgsdorf).We conclude that elevated CO2 increased the occurrence of acorns developing from flowers,but the putative benefit to mature acorn numbers may have been hidden by excessive pre-and/or post-dispersal predation.There was no evidence that elevated CO2 altered masting behaviour.

外文关键词：

Quercus robur L.AcornsMastingPedunculate oakCarbon dioxide

作者：

Ryan McClory、Richard H.Ellis、Martin Lukac、Jo Clark、Carolina Mayoral、Kris M.Hart、Andrew R.G.Plackett、A.Rob MacKenzie、Yanbo Hu

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作者单位：

School of Agriculture,Policy and Development,University of Reading,Agriculture,Earley Gate,Whiteknights Road,PO Box 237,Reading RG6 6EU,UK

Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences,Czech University of Life Sciences Prague,Prague 165 000,Czechia

Future Trees Trust,Harwell Innovation Centre,Building 173,Curie Avenue,Harwell,Oxford OX11 0QG,UK

Birmingham Institute of Forest Research,University of Birmingham,Edgbaston,Birmingham B15 2TT,UK

School of Biosciences,University of Birmingham,Edgbaston,Birmingham B15 2TT,UK

School of Geography,Earth and Environmental Sciences,University of Birmingham,Edgbaston,Birmingham B15 2TT,UK

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基金：

Future Trees Trust,The Patsy Wood Trust,Scottish Forestry Trust,Aitchinson Tait Trust,and Action OakUK Natural Environment Research CouncilJABBS Trust,Norbury Park EstateJohn Horseman Trust,Ecological Continuity TrustUniversity of BirminghamRoyal Society University Research Fellowship

项目编号：

NE/S015833/1QUINTUSURF\R1\191326

出版年：

2024

DOI：

10.1007/s11676-024-01724-8

林业研究(英文版)

东北林业大学,中国生态学学会

林业研究(英文版)

CSTPCDEI

影响因子：0.365

ISSN：1007-662X

年,卷(期)：2024.35(4)