Ancient Learning,Popular Learning and Spurious Learning:Qian Qianyi's Theory of"Learning"and His Poetic Criticism
Being a prominent poet and scholar bridging the Ming and Qing scholarship,Qian Qianyi had distinct cognition over classic scholarship and its evolution,and made theoretical explorations into them.He expounded his literary thoughts from the perspective of"learning".By reflecting on the situations and his ear-ly experiences,he keenly perceived the declining scholarship and increasingly pointless academic achieve-ments of the Ming scholars due to the imperial examinations and the Learning of the Heart-and-Mind,and coined the concept of the Popular Learning,and interpreted and criticized it.He maintained that the Ancient Learning rooted in the Confucian classics and historical works had been transformed three times and degenerated into the Popular Learning.He further introduced the Spurious Learning,and then systemati-cally proposed a three-tier theoretical framework of Ancient Learning,Popular Learning and Spurious Learning.His poetic criticism was developed on the theoretical premise and guidelines of his system of"learning".He used the proximity of criticism objects like the Four Scholars of Jiading,the Gong'an School,and the Jingling School to the three learnings as reference criteria for analyzing and defining scholarship.Additionally,by compiling the Lie Chao Shi Ji(《列朝诗集》)and writing biographical sketches,he compre-hensively summarized the lineage of the late Ming poetics and outlined its development sequences.
Qian QianyilearningMing and Qing scholarshipMing poeticspoetic criticism
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