The Shift of Medicine towards Confucianization in the Song Dynasty
The shift of medicine towards Confucianization in the Song Dynasty was directly reflected in the emergence and development of the Confucian physician class.In ideology,this shift was mirrored through the prevalence and practice of concepts such as"benevolent heart of doctors,""medical practice as benevolence and benevolent governance."Emphasizing the practical application of medicine,the Song Confucian scholars promoted the textualization of medical technology,the officialization of medical education,and the ethicaliza-tion of learning and practicing medicine.By providing texts,faculty,schools,and ideas,this trend facilitated the new change that scholars pursued learning to become a doctor in medical inheritance.These factors collec-tively led to the emergence and development of the Confucian physician class.According to the intrinsic con-nections between benevolent scholars and virtuous physicians,compassion and medical profession,as well as the virtue of life and benevolent heart,the Song Confucian scholars set the"benevolence of doctors"as the criterion for a Confucian physician.They advocated and implemented approaches and propositions of illus-trating benevolence,probing into the root of things,practicing benevolence and governing the state,etc.,all through medical practice.This strengthened the connection between medical skills and humaneness,and thus facilitated the transformation of medical practice from"skill"to"art,"from"technique"to"Tao",and from"medicine"to a"near-Confucianism"philosophy.Moreover,by incorporating medical governance into the scope of benevolent governance,they advanced the reform and development of healthcare systems,and im-proved the status of physicians and medicine,which eventually brought about the progress in medicine.
Song DynastymedicineConfucian physiciansConfucianizationbenevolent heart of doctorsmedical practice as benevolencemedical practice as benevolent governance
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