Research on the Functional Layout of Elementary School Buildings Based on the Perspective of Safe Evacuation
The safe evacuation of teaching buildings in elementary schools is crucial to student safety.Given the widespread distribution and high density of elementary schools,coupled with the unique attributes of elementary students,the safety of elementary school buildings has become a focus of concern.Currently,there is insufficient research on the evacuation of common buildings such as those used for elementary school teaching.Teaching spaces are the primary functional spaces of teaching buildings in elementary schools and have various layouts and organizational relationships.Their functional layout determines the distribution of personnel.Different functions correspond to different personnel densities and attributes.The functional layout of a building is closely associated with its overall evacuation efficiency.In this study,the functional layout of elementary school buildings and their evacuation characteristics were explored with a focus on differences in personnel attributes and spatial distributions due to different building functions.The relationships between personnel attributes,personnel quantity,and functional layout were examined through evacuation simulations with a focus on two aspects:ordinary classroom distributions and comprehensive classroom layout patterns.Firstly,current studies on the evacuation movements of children in China and abroad were reviewed.The basic operational principles of the evacuation simulation software and the evacuation efficiency evaluation system were outlined.Evacuation drills were conducted at real schools and relevant data were collected.Based on the literature and evacuation drills,parameters for evacuation simulations of elementary school students in China were determined in accordance with the specific conditions in China.Moreover,a simulation analysis was carried out to verify the reliability of this parameter setting.Secondly,simulation studies based on an ordinary classroom distribution and comprehensive classroom distribution were carried out.In the study of the ordinary classroom distribution mode,differences in individual evacuation attributes were a major influencing factor.Scenario models were built in combination with classification features.The evacuation efficiency in different scenarios was comprehensively analyzed from the perspectives of evacuation time,personnel dispersion,density distribution,congestion,and other aspects.The results revealed that personnel can be divided into different groups and layers vertically.Classrooms for young students should be located on low floors.The short evacuation distance and completion time are convenient for the fast safe evacuation of these students,thus decreasing potential risks.With respect to horizontal organization,there were crossing and mixing phenomena.Comprehensive consideration was given to the combination of the evacuation characteristics of the disadvantaged groups and the daily use and management demands.Scenes were classified according to the vertical and horizontal layouts of spaces with different densities.Based on the simulations,high-density spaces were set at low floors to increase evacuation efficiency;congestion can be decreased by combining these spaces with the entrance and exit of halls.Setting high-density spaces on upper floors will increase congestion risks in upper stair areas,resulting in high risks.In the horizontal layout,a mixed arrangement can decrease the uneven personnel distribution caused by excessive concentration of high-density spaces.However,this has some difficulties in practical management.Finally,the relationships between the functional distribution and evacuation efficiency were summarized.The functional integration and optimization principles of adaptation,balance,and integrity of teaching buildings in elementary schools were proposed.These research results can provide references and data support for the optimal layout of teaching buildings and architectural design in elementary schools,addressing challenges in the evacuation of primary school students.Moreover,these findings offer a basic reference for the formulation of evacuation strategies for existing teaching buildings.
teaching buildings in elementary schoolsfunctional layoutpersonnel attributespersonnel densityevacuation simulation
万方数据
维普
