In order to prepare high-quality smooth perovskite films for the wide application of perovskite solar cells,pyridine additives are engineered into perovskite precursors.Nucleation of crystals is inhibited by constructing intermediate phase products and large-sized grains are obtained.At the same time,the growth orientation of perovskite crystals is improved,and a compact and flat perovskite film is obtained.Optimization of defects in the perovskite film and presence of intermediate-phase products have been demonstrated using in situ optical microscopy and X-ray diffractograms.The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of the device is increased to 18.28%.Moreover,the stability is improved,with the PCE being maintained at 95%of the initial efficiency after 300 hours in the air environment.
additivespyridineinhibition of nucleationperovskite solar cells
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