Selection and application of phosphorus retention materials in protected vegetable field soils
Soil phosphorus(P)loss from protected vegetable fields(PVFs)can lead to the eutrophication of connected water bodies in China.This study focuses on effectively reducing phosphorus loss in the facility soil and improving phosphorus retention capacity.The sorption capacities and mechanism of P sorbed by different phosphorus retention materials(PRMs)(clay minerals,Fe/Al oxides,Ca/Mg oxides,and other materials)were compared.Moreover,the variation of soil P availability,P species,and P leaching loss by PRMs addition were also ascertained.Furthermore,the applicability of PRMs was evaluated by considering their accessibility,safety,price,and reusability.Studies have shown that the addition of PRMs can adsorb soil phosphorus through physical or chemical effects and reduce the mobility of phosphorus.Typically,the sorption bond energy of Fe/Al and Ca/Mg oxides is generally higher than that of clay minerals.The P sorbing capacities of pristine biochar are relatively low,while the P sorption capacity of modified biochar mainly depends on the modified material.After application to the soil,Ca/Mg oxides and Fe/Al oxides materials can rapidly reduce the activity of soil phosphorus.However,excessive application of Fe/Al oxide materials may affect the growth of crops.Adjusting the calcium and magnesium ratio of Ca/Mg oxide materials can not only hold the soil phosphorus but also not affect the absorption and utilization of crops.Therefore,appropriate Fe/Al oxide application can be recommended in P-enriched calcareous soil.In acidic soils,it is suggested to apply PRMs with suitable calcium and magnesium ratios to reduce the P losses but not affect the P availability.The clay materials can be used in soils with moderate P content.Besides,using waste as PRMs may reduce the loss of soil phosphorus and increase the resource utilization of waste,which has a great application prospect.
protected vegetable field soilsphosphorusphosphorus retention materialphosphorus sorbing capacityphosphorus species
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