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明治以降日本河流治理的变迁

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河流治理对统治者维护和保障政权合法性与权威性十分重要.明治维新以降,日本在实现国家近代化的同时,河流治理也逐渐迈向现代化.以1896年日本第一部《河流法》的诞生为标志,日本的河流治理实现了从确保船运和灌溉用水为目的的"低水工程"到重视防洪的"高水工程"的转变.二战前,"河水统制事业"思路使得原本由内务省主导时所采用的治水与水利二元管理思想转变为"治水、水利一贯"的河流综合管理思想.战后,大水灾频发与水资源开发的需求,开启了日本水坝修筑的高峰期.1964年修订的《河流法》加入了水系主义思想,完善了关于河流治理的水利规定.随着1997年再次修订的《河流法》增加了"环境"目的,环境保护思想被正式加入日本河流治理体系,在法律上获得与治水、水利目的相同的地位.明治以来日本河流治理的变迁,体现了日本现代国家发展过程中对自然资源认识观念的现代化转型.
Changes in River Governance in Japan Since the Meiji Era
River governance has been a crucial tool for rulers in maintaining the legitimacy and authority of their regimes.Since the Meiji Restoration,Japan's national modernization efforts have been paralleled by the progressive modernization of its river management systems.A significant milestone in this process was the enactment of Japan's first River Law in 1896,which marked the transition from"low-water projects,"aimed at ensuring water supply for navigation and irrigation,to"high-water projects,"primarily focused on flood control.Prior to World War Ⅱ,the concept of the"river control business"signaled a shift in the Ministry of Internal Affairs'dual approach to water management and water conservancy,evolving into a more integrated vision of river governance that treated both as unified concerns.After the war,the recur-rent occurrence of major floods and the growing demand for water resource development led to a surge in dam construction.The 1964 revision of the River Law incorporated the concept of basin-wide manage-ment and enhanced the regulatory framework of river management.In the 1997 revision of the River Law,an"environmental"objective was added,officially integrating environmental protection into Japan's river governance framework,granting it equal legal status alongside the objectives of water management and wa-ter conservancy.The changes in the approaches to river management since the Meiji era reflect Japan's modernization in its understanding and utilization of natural resources within the context of its develop-ment into a modern state.

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浙江大学历史学院(浙江杭州 310012)

日本 河流治理 环境史

2024

鄱阳湖学刊
江西省社会科学院

鄱阳湖学刊

CHSSCD
影响因子:0.191
ISSN:1674-6848
年,卷(期):2024.(5)