Russian Active Measures:Theoretical Origins,Historical Evolution and Limitations Analysis
[Research purpose]Active measures are an important intelligence tool in shaping Russia's national security posture.A system-atic examination of Russian active measures can help to enhance insight into Russia's strategic intelligence work.[Research method]Through literature analysis,comparative research,historical analysis and other methods,we analyze the theoretical origin of active meas-ures,sort out the historical evolution of active measures,and explain the limitations of active measures.[Research conclusion]An im-portant aspect of active measures is offensive counterintelligence,which is essentially intelligence deception and is based on the theory of"reflex control".Active measures date back to the Tsarist period and were developed and inherited by the Soviet Union and the Russian Fed-eration.Active measures are an important intelligence tool for creating asymmetric advantages over the enemy,shaping favorable strategic postures and achieving strategic goals.Due to the imperfections of the theory of"reflex control"and the risky and speculative nature of de-ception itself,there are certain limitations to active measures.
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