Overview of the combustion of ammonia-hydrogen internal combustion engines
With the introduction of Chinese goals of"carbon peak"and"carbon neutrality",the low-carbon and zero-carbon transition of internal combustion engines is imperative.Ammonia,as a zero-carbon fuel and a high-energy-density carrier for hydrogen,is a promising alternative fuel for achieving carbon neutrality in the near to mid-term.Developing ammonia-hydrogen combustion technology for high-power,zero-carbon internal combustion engines is of significant importance for global climate governance.This paper analyzes the potential of ammonia as a future green energy source and its practical applications in internal combustion engines.It reviews the latest advancements in ammonia-hydrogen engine combustion from the aspects of combustion modes,reaction kinetics of ammonia-hydrogen fuel,and fuel supply methods,comparing three combustion modes(spark ignition/homogeneous compression ignition/jet ignition),two ammonia supply methods(gaseous port injection/liquid ammonia direct injection),and two jet ignition methods(active/passive).A promising technology of ammonia-hydrogen synergy combustion based on online ammonia cracking to produce hydrogen from a single liquid ammonia fuel tank is proposed and discussed.Key technical and scientific issues to be addressed in spray,combustion,and nitrogen-based emission control are also pointed out.Research indicates that using a small amount of hydrogen(less than 3%)to ignite ammonia-air mixtures in ammonia-hydrogen engines can achieve stable combustion and high thermal efficiency while extending the lean limit.Ammonia-hydrogen synergy zero-carbon high-power internal combustion engines,as efficient and reliable application carriers for ammonia fuel,have broad application potential and value in heavy-duty vehicles,construction machinery,ocean-going vessels,and power generation.The development of ammonia-hydrogen engines can advance fundamental combustion theory and revitalize China's internal combustion engine industry.
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