From Law of Nations to International Law——Historicism and Translation in the Late Qing Dynasty
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作者信息
1. 华东政法大学外语学院(上海201620)
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摘要
清季两次国际法翻译跨越了国际法理论转型的节点,即从Law of Nations(万国法)向International Law(国际法)的转变.这一变化可从翻译考察,但其要旨不仅在于翻译.林则徐选译的滑达尔将欧洲和多数非欧洲国家置于平等地位,以构建"国家主权平等"的国际秩序.这一理念对被殖民国家无疑是有力的还击武器.丁韪良选择的惠顿基于历史主义将欧洲国际法凌驾于非欧洲之上,从而将欧洲国际法全球化.这一转向发生于第一次鸦片战争时期,而清季两次国际法翻译的对象恰好是转型之前和之后的结果.丁韪良借历史解释法将欧洲国际法"制造"为"普世公法",并假借中国历史资源推张欧洲国际法,又使清末民初士人产生无法实现的以中国历史资源进入国际社会或改造国际秩序的期待.
Abstract
The two translations of international law in the late Qing experienced the theoretical transformation,that is,from Law of Nations to International Law.Such change could be found in the translation,but it was not that easy.Lin Zexu's translation of Vattel's law of nations did not trace the European origin but clarified international norms with national practice,placing Europe and most non-European nations on an equal footing and constructing an international order with"national priority"at its center.This rightly occurred during the Opium War(1839-1842),and the subjects of the two translations in the late Qing happened to be the results of such a turn.Martin compared Chinese and foreign legal history via historical interpretation,and constructed universal international law order with non-European resources,which greatly influenced scholars in the late Qing to construct new international order or integrate into the Euro-American order by means of historical interpretation.Nowadays,it is advisable to shape it by combining local history with existing theory and practice to develop a truly equal and just international legal order.
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