摘要
传统中国的主体是乡村,因此中国的现代化很大程度上取决于乡村的现代化.在《创造新世界:重庆北碚的乡村现代化探索(1918-1936)》一书中,王果认为是北碚,而不是更为人熟知的邹平或定县,预示了一个完全现代的中国新世界.这不仅因为北碚同当时其他众多乡村建设试验区一样,尝试探索让农民无需前往城市,便可享有安全与繁荣,能够重塑其身体,革新其意识,成为现代国家的良好公民,更因为它从一开始就主张工业化,成功实现工业增长,预示了 20世纪后期中国经济起飞的某些特征.卢作孚的北碚建设,脱胎于明清西南山地移民的开发经验,顺应了近代山区政治和经济边缘性的新变化,将移民社会的自治传统、开发模式,对接于现代世界从有机经济向石化经济转型的新趋势、近代民主共和与科学革命的新浪潮,创造性地将维护地方治安的团练局,转化为推动地方社会向现代政治、经济、文化转型的新型组织,将农民转化成产业工人,创造工业增长,达成乡村协商共和,推动乡村科学革命.尽管由于战争和政治变迁,卢作孚北碚建设的很多方面未能完成,但书中呈现的现代化经验,在很多方面不同于世界其他地区的既有模式,可以得到许多关于近代中国与世界历史若干面相的重要启示.这些认识十分重要,它关乎在我们的理解中,北碚所代表的究竟是哪种"现代性",在20世纪中国风云变幻的历史中它处于何种位置,以及我们能够从中吸取何种经验,而这些经验也许能帮助应对城乡差距、现代化以及其他一些当前仍然困扰我们的难题.
Abstract
Previous China was mainly an agrarian country,and the fate of China's modernization,to a large degree,depended on the modernization of the countryside.In the book Creating a New World:The Exploration of Rural Modernization in Beibei,Chongqing,1918-1936,Wang Guo argues that Beibei's rural reconstruction,offered a more comprehensive vision of a thoroughly modern China than the better-known Zouping or Dingxian.This is not only because Beibei,like many other experimental districts at the time,tried to pioneer new modes of social organization that would allow peasants to enjoy safety and prosperity without moving to cities,and reshape both their bodies and their consciousness to make them good citizens of a modern nation;but also because it advocated industrialization as a central and immediate goal and successfully achieved industrial growth,foreshadowing some characteristics of China's economic takeoff in the late 20th century.Lu Zuofu's Beibei construction was born out of the developmental experience of mountain immigrants in the southwest during the Ming and Qing dynasties.It adapted to shifts in the political and economic position of formerly marginal mountainous regions in modern times.It took advantage of the relative weakness of the state in highland areas,and the mineral resources in such areas,and sought to combine autonomous traditions and development models rooted in immigrant society with a vision of a modern world based on participatory politics and mass education,and on an economy transformed through the application of science-based,often energy-intensive,technologies.It creatively transformed the militia bureau that maintained local public security into a new organization that would lead a comprehensive transformation of local society politically,economically,and culturally;it aimed to transform farmers into industrial workers,create industrial growth,and build republican political institutions suitable to the countryside,while promoting scientific habits of thought and behavior.Many aspects of Lu Zuofu's Beibei construction were aborted by war and political conflict;nonetheless,the modernization experience presented in the book,with its differences from those implemented elsewhere,provides valuable intellectual resources for thinking about many aspects of modern Chinese and world history.The book's argument is enormously important:for our understanding of what kind of"modernity"Beibei represented and its place in China's turbulent 20th century history,and for grasping what sorts of lessons this experiment might hold for dealing with urban/rural inequality,the environmental costs of modernization and other persistent dilemmas.
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