细菌、病毒等病原体给人类社会造成巨大危害.化学药剂、热能和紫外线被广泛应用于灭活有害微生物,但这些方法也会对病原体的宿主产生无差别伤害.宿主无损光照消毒技术能够在不损伤宿主细胞的同时灭活病原体,因而受到越来越多的关注.目前主流的宿主无损光照消毒技术包括207～222 nm远紫外线(far-ultraviolet C,far-UVC)、抗菌蓝光(antibacterial blue light)和低功率超短脉冲激光消毒.该文综述了这3种技术的基本原理、研究动态、适用场景和优缺点;对比了宿主无损光照消毒技术与传统紫外线消毒技术的技术特点;从理论模型建立和实际应用2方面提出了宿主无损光照消毒技术的研究展望.宿主无损光照消毒技术将有助于阻止大规模疫情中有害病原体的传播,可为食品保鲜和医疗产品消毒提供一种新方案,具有广阔的应用前景.
Review of light-based host-nondestructive disinfection
[Significance]Pathogens have caused numerous,large,and deadly outbreaks,and various disinfection techniques have been applied to stop the spread of harmful pathogens.These techniques are classified as chemical and physical disinfection based on the principle of inactivation.However,the frequently used disinfection techniques can cause indiscriminate harm to the host.Ultraviolet(UV)light is the most popular light disinfection technique,followed by chemical,thermal,ionizing radiation,and thermal disinfection,which harm the pathogen-containing biological tissues by altering their protein or nucleic acid composition.These technologies are unsuitable for prolonged disinfection in the presence of human activity.Thus,there is a need to explore a disinfection technology that can be safely used on living beings for a prolonged period.The disinfection technique must inactivate the pathogen and protect the host from the pathogen but cause no harm to the host cells.Light-based host-nondestructive disinfection techniques specifically inactivate harmful pathogens without damaging the surrounding tissues and have important applications in space disinfection,disease treatment,food preservation,and biologics production.[Progress]Currently,far-UVC,antibacterial blue light,and low-power ultrashort pulse laser are some of the most widely used nondestructive light disinfection techniques.Far-UVC damages nucleic acids by forming cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers between thymine molecules in DNA/RNA,thereby eliminating the ability of pathogens to replicate and infect.The 207-222 nm far-UVC is considered safe as the short wavelength penetrates only the stratum corneum,the skin's outermost layer,and the outer surface of the eye.However,research on far-UVC is limited because applicable dose standards and inactivation kinetics are lacking.The disinfection ability of antibacterial blue light is due to the presence of certain endogenous photosensitizers inside microorganisms that absorb light energy,such as porphyrins and flavins.These endogenous photosensitizers convert some substances into reactive oxygen species(ROS),which destroy the internal structures,such as organelles,of the microorganism by oxidizing neighboring biomolecules and subsequently inactivating the microorganism.Currently,research on antimicrobial blue light has focused on bacterial and fungal disinfection,with limited research on the inactivation of viruses and protozoans.Because viruses do not have endogenous photosensitizers,antimicrobial blue light requires exogenous photosensitizers to inactivate the virus through the ROS mechanism.Low-power ultrashort pulse laser creates vibrations on the surface of pathogens using femtosecond-level light pulses to induce protein remodeling,which destroys the surface of pathogens and prevents infection.Different proteins differ in densities and vibration durations,so a low-power ultrashort pulse laser selectively inactivates pathogens by varying the pulse frequency without causing damage to other biological tissues.As the inactivation process does not produce unknown intermediates,it is safe to use in the production of vaccines,sterilization of blood products,and disinfection of cell culture medium.[Conclusions and Prospects]Light-based host-nondestructive disinfection techniques should be evaluated using the actual absorbed dose of microorganisms as the criterion for the inactivation effect,and a comprehensive light energy inactivation rate model should be established.It is necessary to explore the optimal light energy density,optimal inactivation wavelength,and multiwavelength and multimodal synergistic disinfection to promote the application of large-scale energy-efficient light inactivation technology to prevent the spread of pathogens.
biological opticsdisinfection technologyfar-UVCantibacterial blue lightfemtosecond laser
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