Reclamation Bureau and Regional Society in Eastern Jilin in the Guangxu Reign
Facing a border crisis during the Guangxu reign,the Qing Government promoted land reclamation in the border provinces to consolidate frontier defenses.In Jilin,such measures were embodied in a series of reclamation bureaus.Administratively,the Reclamation Bureau,as an extension of the Eight Banners garrison,was a temporary institution for agricultural reclamation,which undertook several functions including promoting reclamation,managing people,and negotiating border affairs.In terms of spatial distribution,reclamation bureaus were established in the valleys and plains near the national border.Effectively managing borders were the key reason for their existence,and whether they brought financial benefits was secondary.Reclamation bureaus developed and expanded along the border and became bridgeheads for the Qing government to compete with foreign countries in border management.They not only alleviated the dilemma of border governance,but also laid foundation for the establishment of administrative regions and the further development of border economics.
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